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Cement

C hemical C omposition:- Ordinary cement contains two basic ingredients, namely, argillaceous and calcareous. In argillaceous materials, clay predominates and in calcareous calcium carbonate predominates. Broadly, the raw materials used for manufacture of cement consist mainly of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. These oxides interact with one another at high temperature and form more complex compounds. The relative proportions of these oxide compounds are responsible for influencing the various properties of cement, in addition to rate of cooling and fineness of grinding. F unctions O f C ement I ngredients 1. Lime (CaO): Excess lime makes the cement unsound and causes the cement to expand and disintegrate. Deficiency in lime makes loss of strength and makes cement to set quickly. 2. Silica (SiO2): SiO2 imparts the strength to cement by forming the di-calcium and tri-calcium silicates. Excess silica makes the strength of cement increases,but prolongs the setting time. 3. Alumina (...
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Arches

Arches:- 1. An arch is a structure which is constructed to the span across an opening. 2. It generally consist of small wedge-shaped unit which are join together with mortar. 3.The archers made of steel and R.C.C are built in single unit without the use of wedge-shape unit and they are used for the bridge construction. Types of arches:- 1. Flat arch 2. Segmental arch 3. Semi-circular arch 4. Semi-ecliptical arch 5. Inverted arch 6. Pointed arch 7. Relieving arch 8. Horse-shoe arch 9.Silted arch 10. Venetian arch 11. Florentine arch  Flat arch:- 1. The apparent shape of this arch is flat. 2. The Skewback form is angle of 60 degree with the horizontal. 3. An equilateral triangle is formed with one side has intrados  4. The extrados is kept perfectly horizontal or sometimes ,in order to prevent it from becomes hollow when arch settle. 5. The flat arch are found to be comparatively weak and they are used only for light load and for span up to 1.5 m. Segment...
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Window

A window may be defined as an opening made in a wall for the purpose of providing day light,vision and ventilation.  For windows: 1. Breath of window= 1/8(width of room+height of room) 2. Total area of window opening should be at least 1/7 to 1/8 of the floor area of a room. 3. The total area of the glass panel in the window opening should be at least 10% of the floor area of room. 4. For public building the provision of window opening should be more than the above requirement. Casement windows:- 1. The shutters open like door. 2. The construction of casement window is similar to the door construction. Sliding windows:- 1. Similar to the sliding door. 2. The Shutters move on the rolling bearings, either horizontal or vertical. 3. Provided in the train, buses ,Bank counter ,shop etc. Double-hung windows:- 1. Consist of the pair of shutters which can be slide within the groove is provided in the frame. 2. A pair of metal weight connected to cord or chain over ...
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Door

 • A door may be defined as an openable barriers secured in an opening left in the wall for the purpose of providing access to the user of a structure.  • important consideration for doors Size of doors:-     Height=width+(1m to 1.20 m) approximately. Width= 0.4 to 0.6 of height. Door for residential building:  1. External door-(1m × 2m) to (1.1m×2m). 2. Internal door -(0.9m×2m) to (1m×2m). 3. Door for bathroom and WC- (0.7m ×2m) to (0.8m×2m). Public building:- 1) 1.2m×2m 2)1.2m×2.1m 3)1.2m×2.25m  • Location of doors:- 1. The door should be located near the corner of the room, at a distance of about 200mm from the corner. 2. The factors such as distribution of the light control of ventilation, prevalent direction of wind private etc,should be considered. 3. The door and the window should be located by keeping in view the interior decoration and functional requirements of rooms.  • Material used for door- 1. Wood ,glas, ...
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Built up area , super built-up area and carpet area

Built up area :-  1. Built up Area is the carpet area plus the thickness of outer walls and the balcony.  2. Everything covered under roof. Include - external and internal walls,untiity ducts which are in the property,un- covered balcony,common staircase etc. 3. Built-up area =1.1 *carpet area. Super Built Up Area :- It is built up area plus proportionate area of common areas such as the lobby, lifts shaft, stairs, etc proportional common are like lifts, lobbies, amenities. Ex- building have 10 flats & 2000 sq .ft proportionate area which is called super built-up area. Carpet area :-Carpet area is the area that can be used to spread a carpet inside the house. 1. Actually usable area of a room. carpet area =build up area - walls -lifts , utility ducts. 2. Excluded - sanitary blocks,common staircase verandahs, corridors and passage, balcony external wall,terrace, ac duds. 3.Rera - real estate regulation act 2016. Area Measurement of a buil...
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Basic principle of building planning

Engineer prepare design of building with 1) Aspect. 2) Prospect. 3) privacy. 4) Roominess. 5) Grouping. 6) Circulation.  7) Furniture requirement. 8) Flexibility. 9) Sanitation. Are all basic principle of the building planning. Important basic principal planning of building:- 1.provide comfort condition and cheerful atmosphere due to proper sunlight and breeze. 2 Better hygienic condition as Sunlight have potential to destroy organism. 3. Good external appearance of building. 1) Aspect:-  1.The position of different room in the house according to their functional utility. 2.Involves position of door and windows in the external wall of a building to enjoy the natural gifts. Position of rooms in the house according to given below.  • Bed :- NW/W/SE because to reduce plentiful of breeze in summer.  • Kitchen :- E/rarely NE because to receive morning Sunlight. which is Gemicidal it purify the air, if should be cool during summer.  • Di...
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