Arches:- 1. An arch is a structure which is constructed to the span across an opening. 2. It generally consist of small wedge-shaped unit which are join together with mortar. 3.The archers made of steel and R.C.C are built in single unit without the use of wedge-shape unit and they are used for the bridge construction. Types of arches:- 1. Flat arch 2. Segmental arch 3. Semi-circular arch 4. Semi-ecliptical arch 5. Inverted arch 6. Pointed arch 7. Relieving arch 8. Horse-shoe arch 9.Silted arch 10. Venetian arch 11. Florentine arch Flat arch:- 1. The apparent shape of this arch is flat. 2. The Skewback form is angle of 60 degree with the horizontal. 3. An equilateral triangle is formed with one side has intrados 4. The extrados is kept perfectly horizontal or sometimes ,in order to prevent it from becomes hollow when arch settle. 5. The flat arch are found to be comparatively weak and they are used only for light load and for span up to 1.5 m. Segment...