civil Engineering

A window may be defined as an opening made in a wall for the purpose of providing day light,vision and ventilation.  For windows: 1. Breath of window= 1/8(width of room+height of room) 2. Total area of window opening should be at least 1/7 to 1/8 of the floor area of a room. 3. The total area of the glass panel in the window opening should be at least 10% of the floor area of room. 4. For public building the provision of window opening should be more than the above requirement. Casement windows:- 1. The shutters open like door. 2. The construction of casement window is similar to the door construction. Sliding windows:- 1. Similar to the sliding door. 2. The Shutters move on the rolling bearings, either horizontal or vertical. 3. Provided in the train, buses ,Bank counter ,shop etc. Double-hung windows:- 1. Consist of the pair of shutters which can be slide within the groove is provided in the frame. 2. A pair of metal weight connected to cord or chain over ...

 • A door may be defined as an openable barriers secured in an opening left in the wall for the purpose of providing access to the user of a structure.  • important consideration for doors Size of doors:-     Height=width+(1m to 1.20 m) approximately. Width= 0.4 to 0.6 of height. Door for residential building:  1. External door-(1m × 2m) to (1.1m×2m). 2. Internal door -(0.9m×2m) to (1m×2m). 3. Door for bathroom and WC- (0.7m ×2m) to (0.8m×2m). Public building:- 1) 1.2m×2m 2)1.2m×2.1m 3)1.2m×2.25m  • Location of doors:- 1. The door should be located near the corner of the room, at a distance of about 200mm from the corner. 2. The factors such as distribution of the light control of ventilation, prevalent direction of wind private etc,should be considered. 3. The door and the window should be located by keeping in view the interior decoration and functional requirements of rooms.  • Material used for door- 1. Wood ,glas, ...

Built up area :-  1. Built up Area is the carpet area plus the thickness of outer walls and the balcony.  2. Everything covered under roof. Include - external and internal walls,untiity ducts which are in the property,un- covered balcony,common staircase etc. 3. Built-up area =1.1 *carpet area. Super Built Up Area :- It is built up area plus proportionate area of common areas such as the lobby, lifts shaft, stairs, etc proportional common are like lifts, lobbies, amenities. Ex- building have 10 flats & 2000 sq .ft proportionate area which is called super built-up area. Carpet area :-Carpet area is the area that can be used to spread a carpet inside the house. 1. Actually usable area of a room. carpet area =build up area - walls -lifts , utility ducts. 2. Excluded - sanitary blocks,common staircase verandahs, corridors and passage, balcony external wall,terrace, ac duds. 3.Rera - real estate regulation act 2016. Area Measurement of a buil...

Engineer prepare design of building with 1) Aspect. 2) Prospect. 3) privacy. 4) Roominess. 5) Grouping. 6) Circulation.  7) Furniture requirement. 8) Flexibility. 9) Sanitation. Are all basic principle of the building planning. Important basic principal planning of building:- 1.provide comfort condition and cheerful atmosphere due to proper sunlight and breeze. 2 Better hygienic condition as Sunlight have potential to destroy organism. 3. Good external appearance of building. 1) Aspect:-  1.The position of different room in the house according to their functional utility. 2.Involves position of door and windows in the external wall of a building to enjoy the natural gifts. Position of rooms in the house according to given below.  • Bed :- NW/W/SE because to reduce plentiful of breeze in summer.  • Kitchen :- E/rarely NE because to receive morning Sunlight. which is Gemicidal it purify the air, if should be cool during summer.  • Di...

      Revenue authority to planning act in 1954, and municipal laid down some restriction on the construction of the planning of a different types of a buildings.            This building bye laws for City will not be same as that of the same taluka place municipality or village having grampanchayat. This plan is sanctioned by authority only after scrutinizing them regarding the Bye-Laws.  Urban development, have been modified for time to time for various state partly for providing guidelines to builders in the respective state.  The major aims Bye-Laws:- 1) To regulator construction activities. 2) To prevent haphazard growth of building. 3) To provide better civic amenities with hygienic conditions. 4)To regulate a proper spacing between the building in order to ensure your access to sunlight etc. Lately Bye-Laws for zonal regulation has also been implemented with the following objectives. 1) To regulate lan...

           When the height above floor level exceeds above 1.50 m, temporary structure, usually of Timber or steel, is erected close to work to provider safe working platform for the workers, on which work men can sit and carry the construction.The temporary frame work is known as scaffolding or simply a scaffod. Single scaffolding:-  1)Single scaffolding is usually used for brick masonry and so it is also known as brick layer's scaffolding.                                   2)Single scaffolding comprises of standards, putlogs, ledgers etc.which corresponds to the wall at a distance of around 1.2 m. Putlogs are positioned at a gap of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Double scaffolding:- 1)Stronger than single scaffolding. used in the construction of stone work framework is similar to single scaffolding except two rows and stand are provided. 2)The distance be...

             Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is poured and formed. formwork it is a temporary support. 1)This is temporary casing is known formwork or forms or shuttering. 2) It becomes sufficiently strong to support its own weight. 3) Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can be also constructed from Steel, glass fibre, reinforced plastics and other material. specification:- 1. Capable of resisting hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. 2. Join should prevent leakage of cement grout. 3. High quality workmanship and inspection necessary. 4. As light weight has possible. 5. Material used be suitable for reuse. 6.Formwork base or soffit must be capable of resisting the initial dead load of wet concrete. 7.Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads. 8.Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced horizontally and vertically...