Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Door

• A door may be defined as an openable barriers secured in an opening left in the wall for the purpose of providing access to the user of a structure. • important consideration for doors Size of doors:- Height=width+(1m to 1.20 m) approximately. Width= 0.4 to 0.6 of height. Door for residential building: 1. External door-(1m × 2m) to (1.1m×2m). 2. Internal door -(0.9m×2m) to (1m×2m). 3. Door for bathroom and WC- (0.7m ×2m) to (0.8m×2m). Public building:- 1) 1.2m×2m 2)1.2m×2.1m 3)1.2m×2.25m • Location of doors:- 1. The door should be located near the corner of the room, at a distance of about 200mm from the corner. 2. The factors such as distribution of the light control of ventilation, prevalent direction of wind private etc,should be considered. 3. The door and the window should be located by keeping in view the interior decoration and functional requirements of rooms. • Material used for door- 1. Wood ,glas, ...

Arches

Arches:- 1. An arch is a structure which is constructed to the span across an opening. 2. It generally consist of small wedge-shaped unit which are join together with mortar. 3.The archers made of steel and R.C.C are built in single unit without the use of wedge-shape unit and they are used for the bridge construction. Types of arches:- 1. Flat arch 2. Segmental arch 3. Semi-circular arch 4. Semi-ecliptical arch 5. Inverted arch 6. Pointed arch 7. Relieving arch 8. Horse-shoe arch 9.Silted arch 10. Venetian arch 11. Florentine arch Flat arch:- 1. The apparent shape of this arch is flat. 2. The Skewback form is angle of 60 degree with the horizontal. 3. An equilateral triangle is formed with one side has intrados 4. The extrados is kept perfectly horizontal or sometimes ,in order to prevent it from becomes hollow when arch settle. 5. The flat arch are found to be comparatively weak and they are used only for light load and for span up to 1.5 m. Segment...

Window

A window may be defined as an opening made in a wall for the purpose of providing day light,vision and ventilation. For windows: 1. Breath of window= 1/8(width of room+height of room) 2. Total area of window opening should be at least 1/7 to 1/8 of the floor area of a room. 3. The total area of the glass panel in the window opening should be at least 10% of the floor area of room. 4. For public building the provision of window opening should be more than the above requirement. Casement windows:- 1. The shutters open like door. 2. The construction of casement window is similar to the door construction. Sliding windows:- 1. Similar to the sliding door. 2. The Shutters move on the rolling bearings, either horizontal or vertical. 3. Provided in the train, buses ,Bank counter ,shop etc. Double-hung windows:- 1. Consist of the pair of shutters which can be slide within the groove is provided in the frame. 2. A pair of metal weight connected to cord or chain over ...

civil Engineering

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