Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Formwork

Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is poured and formed. formwork it is a temporary support. 1)This is temporary casing is known formwork or forms or shuttering. 2) It becomes sufficiently strong to support its own weight. 3) Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can be also constructed from Steel, glass fibre, reinforced plastics and other material. specification:- 1. Capable of resisting hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. 2. Join should prevent leakage of cement grout. 3. High quality workmanship and inspection necessary. 4. As light weight has possible. 5. Material used be suitable for reuse. 6.Formwork base or soffit must be capable of resisting the initial dead load of wet concrete. 7.Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads. 8.Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced horizontally and vertically...

Arches

Arches:- 1. An arch is a structure which is constructed to the span across an opening. 2. It generally consist of small wedge-shaped unit which are join together with mortar. 3.The archers made of steel and R.C.C are built in single unit without the use of wedge-shape unit and they are used for the bridge construction. Types of arches:- 1. Flat arch 2. Segmental arch 3. Semi-circular arch 4. Semi-ecliptical arch 5. Inverted arch 6. Pointed arch 7. Relieving arch 8. Horse-shoe arch 9.Silted arch 10. Venetian arch 11. Florentine arch Flat arch:- 1. The apparent shape of this arch is flat. 2. The Skewback form is angle of 60 degree with the horizontal. 3. An equilateral triangle is formed with one side has intrados 4. The extrados is kept perfectly horizontal or sometimes ,in order to prevent it from becomes hollow when arch settle. 5. The flat arch are found to be comparatively weak and they are used only for light load and for span up to 1.5 m. Segment...

Door

• A door may be defined as an openable barriers secured in an opening left in the wall for the purpose of providing access to the user of a structure. • important consideration for doors Size of doors:- Height=width+(1m to 1.20 m) approximately. Width= 0.4 to 0.6 of height. Door for residential building: 1. External door-(1m × 2m) to (1.1m×2m). 2. Internal door -(0.9m×2m) to (1m×2m). 3. Door for bathroom and WC- (0.7m ×2m) to (0.8m×2m). Public building:- 1) 1.2m×2m 2)1.2m×2.1m 3)1.2m×2.25m • Location of doors:- 1. The door should be located near the corner of the room, at a distance of about 200mm from the corner. 2. The factors such as distribution of the light control of ventilation, prevalent direction of wind private etc,should be considered. 3. The door and the window should be located by keeping in view the interior decoration and functional requirements of rooms. • Material used for door- 1. Wood ,glas, ...

civil Engineering

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