Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Stone masonry

The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is termed as stone masonry where the stones are available in a abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to the proper shape, they provide an economical material for the construction of various building components such as walls, columns, footings, arches, lintels, beams etc. Uses of stone masonry: Stone masonry construction is used in (i) Building foundations, dams,monumental structures. (ii) Building walls, piers, columns, pillars, light houses and architectural works. (iii) Arches, domes, lintels and beams (iv) Roofs, flems, paving jobs (v) Railway, bullest, black boards and electrical switch boards. Selection of stone for stone masonry: The selection of stones for stone masonry depends upon a. Availability b. Ease of working c. Appearance d. Strength and stability e. Polishing characteristics f. Economy g. Durability General pri...

Formwork

Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is poured and formed. formwork it is a temporary support. 1)This is temporary casing is known formwork or forms or shuttering. 2) It becomes sufficiently strong to support its own weight. 3) Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can be also constructed from Steel, glass fibre, reinforced plastics and other material. specification:- 1. Capable of resisting hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. 2. Join should prevent leakage of cement grout. 3. High quality workmanship and inspection necessary. 4. As light weight has possible. 5. Material used be suitable for reuse. 6.Formwork base or soffit must be capable of resisting the initial dead load of wet concrete. 7.Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads. 8.Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced horizontally and vertically...

Floors

In order to sub-divide the portion between the plinth level or basement level and roof level, solid constructions are Carrie out. These constructions are known as floors and exposed top surface of floors are termed as floorings. Ground floors or basement floors, which directly rest on the ground, do not require the provision of a floor. But they are provided with suitable type of flooring. Types of Floors: Floors are classified into two categories 1. Timber Floors 2. Composite Floors 1) Timber Floors: In this floor, only timber is used as a material. Timber floors are further divided into four types. a. Basement or Ground floor of timber b. Single Joist timber beam c. Double Joist timber beam d. Framed triple joist timber floor. Features of Timber Floors: (i) Floor Boards: These boards are provided at the top of bridging joists and they form the wearing surface of the floor. The width varies from 100mm to 200mm and thic...

civil Engineering

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