Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Built up area , super built-up area and carpet area

Built up area :- 1. Built up Area is the carpet area plus the thickness of outer walls and the balcony. 2. Everything covered under roof. Include - external and internal walls,untiity ducts which are in the property,un- covered balcony,common staircase etc. 3. Built-up area =1.1 *carpet area. Super Built Up Area :- It is built up area plus proportionate area of common areas such as the lobby, lifts shaft, stairs, etc proportional common are like lifts, lobbies, amenities. Ex- building have 10 flats & 2000 sq .ft proportionate area which is called super built-up area. Carpet area :-Carpet area is the area that can be used to spread a carpet inside the house. 1. Actually usable area of a room. carpet area =build up area - walls -lifts , utility ducts. 2. Excluded - sanitary blocks,common staircase verandahs, corridors and passage, balcony external wall,terrace, ac duds. 3.Rera - real estate regulation act 2016. Area Measurement of a buil...

Stone masonry

The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is termed as stone masonry where the stones are available in a abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to the proper shape, they provide an economical material for the construction of various building components such as walls, columns, footings, arches, lintels, beams etc. Uses of stone masonry: Stone masonry construction is used in (i) Building foundations, dams,monumental structures. (ii) Building walls, piers, columns, pillars, light houses and architectural works. (iii) Arches, domes, lintels and beams (iv) Roofs, flems, paving jobs (v) Railway, bullest, black boards and electrical switch boards. Selection of stone for stone masonry: The selection of stones for stone masonry depends upon a. Availability b. Ease of working c. Appearance d. Strength and stability e. Polishing characteristics f. Economy g. Durability General pri...

Formwork

Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is poured and formed. formwork it is a temporary support. 1)This is temporary casing is known formwork or forms or shuttering. 2) It becomes sufficiently strong to support its own weight. 3) Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can be also constructed from Steel, glass fibre, reinforced plastics and other material. specification:- 1. Capable of resisting hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. 2. Join should prevent leakage of cement grout. 3. High quality workmanship and inspection necessary. 4. As light weight has possible. 5. Material used be suitable for reuse. 6.Formwork base or soffit must be capable of resisting the initial dead load of wet concrete. 7.Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads. 8.Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced horizontally and vertically...

civil Engineering

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