Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Scaffolding

When the height above floor level exceeds above 1.50 m, temporary structure, usually of Timber or steel, is erected close to work to provider safe working platform for the workers, on which work men can sit and carry the construction.The temporary frame work is known as scaffolding or simply a scaffod. Single scaffolding:- 1)Single scaffolding is usually used for brick masonry and so it is also known as brick layer's scaffolding. 2)Single scaffolding comprises of standards, putlogs, ledgers etc.which corresponds to the wall at a distance of around 1.2 m. Putlogs are positioned at a gap of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Double scaffolding:- 1)Stronger than single scaffolding. used in the construction of stone work framework is similar to single scaffolding except two rows and stand are provided. 2)The distance be...

Arches

Arches:- 1. An arch is a structure which is constructed to the span across an opening. 2. It generally consist of small wedge-shaped unit which are join together with mortar. 3.The archers made of steel and R.C.C are built in single unit without the use of wedge-shape unit and they are used for the bridge construction. Types of arches:- 1. Flat arch 2. Segmental arch 3. Semi-circular arch 4. Semi-ecliptical arch 5. Inverted arch 6. Pointed arch 7. Relieving arch 8. Horse-shoe arch 9.Silted arch 10. Venetian arch 11. Florentine arch Flat arch:- 1. The apparent shape of this arch is flat. 2. The Skewback form is angle of 60 degree with the horizontal. 3. An equilateral triangle is formed with one side has intrados 4. The extrados is kept perfectly horizontal or sometimes ,in order to prevent it from becomes hollow when arch settle. 5. The flat arch are found to be comparatively weak and they are used only for light load and for span up to 1.5 m. Segment...

Door

• A door may be defined as an openable barriers secured in an opening left in the wall for the purpose of providing access to the user of a structure. • important consideration for doors Size of doors:- Height=width+(1m to 1.20 m) approximately. Width= 0.4 to 0.6 of height. Door for residential building: 1. External door-(1m × 2m) to (1.1m×2m). 2. Internal door -(0.9m×2m) to (1m×2m). 3. Door for bathroom and WC- (0.7m ×2m) to (0.8m×2m). Public building:- 1) 1.2m×2m 2)1.2m×2.1m 3)1.2m×2.25m • Location of doors:- 1. The door should be located near the corner of the room, at a distance of about 200mm from the corner. 2. The factors such as distribution of the light control of ventilation, prevalent direction of wind private etc,should be considered. 3. The door and the window should be located by keeping in view the interior decoration and functional requirements of rooms. • Material used for door- 1. Wood ,glas, ...

civil Engineering

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