civil Engineering

      Revenue authority to planning act in 1954, and municipal laid down some restriction on the construction of the planning of a different types of a buildings.            This building bye laws for City will not be same as that of the same taluka place municipality or village having grampanchayat. This plan is sanctioned by authority only after scrutinizing them regarding the Bye-Laws.  Urban development, have been modified for time to time for various state partly for providing guidelines to builders in the respective state.  The major aims Bye-Laws:- 1) To regulator construction activities. 2) To prevent haphazard growth of building. 3) To provide better civic amenities with hygienic conditions. 4)To regulate a proper spacing between the building in order to ensure your access to sunlight etc. Lately Bye-Laws for zonal regulation has also been implemented with the following objectives. 1) To regulate lan...

           When the height above floor level exceeds above 1.50 m, temporary structure, usually of Timber or steel, is erected close to work to provider safe working platform for the workers, on which work men can sit and carry the construction.The temporary frame work is known as scaffolding or simply a scaffod. Single scaffolding:-  1)Single scaffolding is usually used for brick masonry and so it is also known as brick layer's scaffolding.                                   2)Single scaffolding comprises of standards, putlogs, ledgers etc.which corresponds to the wall at a distance of around 1.2 m. Putlogs are positioned at a gap of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Double scaffolding:- 1)Stronger than single scaffolding. used in the construction of stone work framework is similar to single scaffolding except two rows and stand are provided. 2)The distance be...

             Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is poured and formed. formwork it is a temporary support. 1)This is temporary casing is known formwork or forms or shuttering. 2) It becomes sufficiently strong to support its own weight. 3) Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can be also constructed from Steel, glass fibre, reinforced plastics and other material. specification:- 1. Capable of resisting hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. 2. Join should prevent leakage of cement grout. 3. High quality workmanship and inspection necessary. 4. As light weight has possible. 5. Material used be suitable for reuse. 6.Formwork base or soffit must be capable of resisting the initial dead load of wet concrete. 7.Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads. 8.Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced horizontally and vertically...

In order to sub-divide the portion between the plinth level or basement level and roof level, solid constructions are Carrie out. These  constructions are known as floors and exposed top surface of floors are   termed as floorings. Ground floors or basement floors, which directly rest on the ground, do not require the provision of a floor. But they are  provided with suitable type of flooring. Types of Floors: Floors are classified into two categories 1. Timber Floors 2. Composite Floors 1) Timber Floors: In this floor, only timber is used as a material. Timber floors are further divided into four types. a. Basement or Ground floor of timber b. Single Joist timber beam c. Double Joist timber beam d. Framed triple joist timber floor. Features of Timber Floors: (i) Floor Boards: These boards are provided at the top of bridging joists and they form the wearing surface of the floor. The width varies from  100mm to 200mm and thic...

Cement concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, pebbles or crushed rock and water. When placed in the skeleton of forms and allowed to cure,  becomes hard like a stone. Cement concrete is important building  material because of the following reasons.   1. It can be moulded into any size and shape of durable structural member. 2. It is possible to control the properties of cement concrete. 3. It is possible to mechanise completely its preparation and placing processes. 4. It possesses adequate plasticity for mechanical working. The cement concrete has the following properties 1. It has high compressive strength. 2. It is free from corrosion. 3. It hardens with age and continues for a long time after concrete has attained sufficient strength.   4. It is proved to be economical than steel . 5. It binds rapidly with steel and it is weak in tension, steel reinforcement is placed in cement concrete at suitable places to   take up tensile concre...

Bonding is a process of arranging bricks and mortars to tie them together in a mass of brickwork. It should have a minimum of vertical joints in any part of the work. Characteristics of brick bond or rules for bonding: 1. The brick masonry should have bricks of uniform shape and size. 2. For satisfactory bondage the lap should be one-fourth of the brick along the length of the wall and half brick across thickness of the  wall.  3. The brick bats use should be discouraged. 4. The vertical joints in the alternate courses should coincides with the centre line of the stretcher.   5. The alternate courses the centre line of header should coincide with the centre line of stretcher, in course below or above it.   6. The stretcher should be used only in the facing while hearting should be done in the headers only. Classifications of bonds: The bonds can be classified as follows: (i) Stretcher bond (ii) Header bond (iii) English bon...